Product costing and cost accumulation in a batch production environment Essay Example for Free

Item costing and cost amassing in a cluster creation condition Essay As creation happens, producing costs are followed in the Work-in-Process Inventory account. Each item is comprised of three cost parts: direct materials, direct work, and assembling overhead. After items are finished, the comparing cost leaves the Work-in-Process account and is charged to the Finished-Goods account. (A marketing firm purchases its products previously finished and legitimately charges the things cost to Merchandise Inventory.) At the point when units are sold, the Finished-Goods Inventory account is credited and Cost of Goods Sold is charged. An item costing framework must be adjusted to coordinate the environâ ­ment in which it works. An occupation request costing framework is utilized in an industry where items are made independently, or in moderately little bunches, and one item or group is promptly discernable from the other. Contender for work costing frameworks would be custom homebuilding, custom printing, custom furniture development, legitimate cases, clinical cases, reviews, and examination ventures. A procedure costing framework is utilized in a domain at the opposite finish of the continuum: the large scale manufacturing of like units. Clients may incorporate makers of synthetic concoctions, gas, and microchips. This point is talked about completely in Chapter 4. 4.ACCUMULATING COSTS IN A JOB-ORDER COSTING SYSTEM A vocation cost record is utilized to gather the real immediate materials, genuine direct work, and applied assembling overhead expenses for each activity. The chronicle of expenses on this record and in the general record is activated by different source docuâ ­ments. Material order structures approve the exchange of direct materials from the distribution center to creation. In numerous organizations, the orders depend on a bill of materials that rundowns the entirety of the materials (e.g., parts) required. Gracefully chainâ€the stream all things considered, administrations, and data into and out of the association. The gracefully chain regularly has consequences for materials, as makers work with merchants to accomplish improved conveyance calendars and decreases in material expense. Time records are utilized to assemble the measure of direct work took a shot at a particular activity. Assembling overhead is entered at work cost record as applied (i.e., assessed) overhead. Source records, for example, solicitations for processing plant protection and calendars for production line deterioration, trigger a general-record passage that charges the Manufacturing Overhead record. 5.OVERHEAD APPLICATION Overhead bookkeeping includes various advances. Section 3 spotlights on the last advance: the use of overhead to occupations and items. Albeit overhead can't be straightforwardly followed to the item, the utilization of an application rate should apportion an impartial measure of cost to each activity (known as overhead application). Stage 1: Set a foreordained overhead rate toward the start of the bookkeeping time frame. This is finished by separating the periods evaluated (planned) overhead by the periods assessed number of cost-driver units. Stage 2: Use the foreordained overhead rate to apply a fair part of overhead to each activity. As the genuine number of cost-driver units utilized on a vocation gets known, it is increased by the foreordained overhead rate. Real overhead expenses brought about during the year are charged to the Manufacturing Overhead control account. Interestingly, applied overhead is charged to Work-in-Process Inventory and credited to Manufacturing Overhead. The year-end contrast among genuine and applied sums is known as finished or on the other hand underapplied overhead. This figure is balanced during the time spent shutting the Manufacturing Overhead record to zero by either: Charging or attributing the sum to cost of products sold. This methodology is adequate if the over-or underapplication is little or if a large portion of the items made during the period have been sold. Allocating the sum among work in process, completed merchandise, and cost of products sold. Showing Tip: Emphasize that under-and overapplied overhead is the distinction among real and applied overhead, not genuine and planned overhead. The planned figure is utilized exclusively in the assurance of the foreordained rate. 6. Broadened ILLUSTRATION OF JOB COSTING As noted before, the Work-in-Process Inventory account contains charges for direct materials utilized, direct work, and applied assembling overhead. Period costs are expensed and not charged to Manufacturing Overhead. A deal requires two diary passages: one to record the business income and another to move the merchandise cost from Finished-Goods Inventory to Cost of Goods Sold. Showing Tip: Although the content representation shows up generally confounded, it is just introducing the subtleties that go with the progression of merchandise (and expenses) from work in process, to completed products, to cost of products sold. 7.FINANCIAL SCHEDULES FOR MANAGERS The timetable of cost of products fabricated subtleties the action in the Work-in-Process account (starting equalization, direct materials utilized, direct work, applied overhead, and closure balance). The timetable of cost of products sold subtleties the movement in the Finished-Goods Inventory account. It is like the expense of-products sold calendar as appeared in money related bookkeeping courses for marketing organizations, aside from the buys sum is supplanted with cost of merchandise fabricated. 8.FURTHER ASPECTS OF OVERHEAD APPLICATION Real and typical costing Bookkeepers lean toward foreordained application rates, which are utilized in a typical costing framework. Such rates help to smooth item costs after some time and permit clients to cost items/employments upon fruition. Interestingly, clients of real costing frameworks determine a real overhead rate toward the finish of the bookkeeping time frame. Item cost data to the executives is in this manner deferred. Picking a suitable cost driver Direct work has been an extremely normal and suitable cost driver. Past procedures were work concentrated, and items bringing about more work frequently delivered higher measures of assembling overhead. Today, numerous procedures are robotized and less subject to work. Hence, firms currently use machine hours, process time, throughput (process duration) (the normal measure of time to change over crude materials into completed products), and different measures as cost drivers. Single versus different overhead rates Organizations normally utilize various (instead of single) application rates. With mechanized bookkeeping frameworks, various rates are handily created, in this way bringing down the expense of delivering exceptionally exact data. A solitary overhead rate is generally known as a plantwide rate; different rates are regularly known as departmental rates. Two-phase cost portion Stage one: Overhead is first collected underway offices. This oftentimes requires the portion of administration division expenses to creation offices. Stage two: As a last advance, creation division costs are alloted to singular occupations and items through overhead application. 9.PROJECT COSTING Venture costing alludes to work costing in a nonmanufacturing situation. Employments for this situation allude to cases, contracts, and additionally programs. Costing includes following the direct, effectively detectable expenses and partitioning them by venture. Overhead is then applied by utilizing a foreordained rate, with a potential application base being a ventures direct proficient work cost. Innovation, for example, bar coding might be utilized to follow suitable expenses to ventures, in spite of the fact that this is only one of numerous potential applications. Specialist co-ops, alongside producers, are likewise utilizing: Electronic information trade (EDI), which includes the electronic exchange of data starting with one association then onto the next by utilizing a PC to-PC interface. Extensible markup language (XML), which is online and permits clients to share organized information, for example, item request records and value information. Instructing Overview I start the subject of employment costing by clarifying that understudies ought not hope to apply a purported course reading framework to any true organization, since cost frameworks must be intended to meet an organizations novel needs. Be that as it may, the two conventional framework models, work request and procedure costing, enable clients to work in different changes for use in genuine circumstances. The significant trouble that understudies experience in work costing is the idea of assembling overhead. The main region requiring clarificaâ ­tion is wording, in particular: Evaluated = planned Applied = allocatedIncurred = real The subsequent region needing explanation is the succession of systems for overhead application: computing predeterâ ­mined overhead rates, utilizing the rates, and modifying the overâ ­-or underapplied sum. This issue originates from the way that understudies are doing reading material assignments where all the data is given at the same time. In this way, the inquiry emerges, Why utilize a flawed foreordained overhead rate when I have all the absolutely right, genuine information in the following passage? It is useful to be keeping watch for this line of reasoning while talking about schoolwork assignments and to remind understudies how and when data opens up in reality. (I speculate this is an issue for the most part for underâ ­graduates with constrained work understanding.) In view of numerous long stretches of educating, I likewise find that understudies battle with the diary sections required to deal with a deal. Two passages are required: one to move the expense of units sold from completed merchandise to cost of products sold; another is expected to record income. Understudies regularly overlook either or display some inventiveness, making another record entitled Profit on Sale. Make certain to put in a couple of additional minutes with this issue. After the previous issues have been dealt with, understudies for the most part are very intrigued by work costing ideas, especially the individuals who have worked in a privately-run company or who intend to go into business. Understudies are likewise keen on work costing in a ser

How does today's film in the U.S influence people perception of Research Proposal

How does the present film in the U.S impact individuals view of Chinese culture (Please attempt to concentrate on a particular film sorts) - Research Proposal Example Xie (9) has done various research extends because of media on Asian generalizing giving specific spotlight and accentuation on how the Chinese culture is depicted in films in the United States of America (USA). In the exploration ventures led, different issues were brought up and they included; segregation and prejudice. The objective of this examination as the ones directed byXie (7) is to distinguish how a lion's share of movies in the United States of America (USA) miss speak to the chines culture. The exploration will concentrate on how Chinese men are spoken to by films in the USA, how Chinese ladies are spoken to by films in the USA, the degree of brutality related to them just as the ethics and morals about the Chinese culture that are miss spoken to or spoke to likewise in the movies. For instance, a dominant part of the female chines characters are depicted in huge numbers of the movies in USA as being profoundly explicitly enticing people and they are prepared from a young age to utilize this alluring method to execute men. A lion's share of the movies depict Chinese individuals as profoundly prepared in components of combative techniques, these is clear in films where Chinese on-screen characters Jackie Chan and Jet Li are secured, this displays deceitful conduct (Chan, 3). Different movies depict the Chinese as exceptionally clever people, for the most part showing up in films as PC wizards and sharp with regards to illuminating riddles and numerical inquiries (Chan51)Not overlooking the morals and ethics, a few movies depict chines young ladies as corrupt, being utilized for sexual exercises particularly in the USA as unlawful migrants, different movies depict the Chinese individuals as great and quiet with high thought of the four components of nature for example land, water, and air (Stein, 7). With basic examination of information proposed to be gathered, this exploration will help give an away from of what the Chinese culture is extremely about and whether what we see

Get Your Digital Marketing Recommendations Implemented

Get Your Digital Marketing Recommendations Implemented Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Get Your Digital Marketing Recommendations ImplementedUpdated On 28/10/2019Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : http://bit.ly/2pQiFk8 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogAny expert can be frustrated when they’re hired as an expert in a certain field only to learn that their clients think that they know better. It is even worse to see your recommendations implemented poorly or not at all yet the client wants to see significant results at the end of the month. Sometimes, the client may simply pretend he did not hear and other times there can be other reasons for not implementing all the recommendations such as inadequate resources or lack of time, high cost associated with the recommendations or even unavailability of experts.DO YOU KNOW THAT YOUR CLIENTS/CUSTOMERS ARE YOUR FIRST BOSS?5 Basic Tips For Maintaining Good Client/Customer RelationshipsWhichever th e case, if you follow the suggestions below, you can proactively ensure that your clients will implement your recommendations.Digital Marketing Recommendations1. Understand Your Client And The Companys CultureThis involves putting yourself in your client’s shoes and trying to assimilate the company’s culture. Ensure you involve him or her from the very beginning of your engagement so you can win his trust. Empathizing with the client will ensure that all his interests are taken into account, and this helps ensure support during the implementation phase in the long run.2. EducationIf you want your recommendations implemented, then you need to educate the client on the benefits of SEO and the impact it can have on the business. Ensure you have a back-up of trusted resources you can use to educate the client e.g. on reasons your website could be penalized by Google. Update him or her with your strategies and tactics you plan to use and the benefits the business will get from implem enting each. You can also show the client some case studies of how your recommendations have had a positive impact on other clients. This helps to build more trust and, as a result, the client will be more inclined to implement all your recommendations.3. Be Willing To Admit Mistakes When NecessaryMost clients will want to work with a digital marketing agency that is real and not one that thinks it knows how to fix everything. As an expert, you don’t know all the details of the business so never pretend that you actually do. Don’t pretend to have all the answers just to give an impression of false confidence but instead, you should recognize your potential to make mistakes. Doing this will help you build trust and confidence with the client.However, admitting to too many mistakes on the other hand can be detrimental to credibility. So you should seek to minimize your mistakes by all means. This includes bidding on jobs that are specifically within your agency’s set of speciali ties and bringing in the right experts especially if they want you to provide other services such as a responsive web development in Sydney or their local area.READSecure Online Casino Deposits - Protect Your Credit Card4. Know How To Deal With Difficult Partners And Internal PoliticsIn most cases, difficult partners and internal politics usually have a big impact on the implementation of recommendations. In some cases, it might actually take months or even a year to get approval. For this reason, learning how to overcome these constraints is important as a digital marketing agency. For example, you can include a clause in your contract stating that your agency will not be responsible if the client fails to implement your recommendations and doesn’t get results.5. Discuss The Roles And Responsibilities Of Each PartySince you will be working with a team of professionals, you need to discuss the roles and responsibilities of each party first just to avoid any confusion or misunderst anding in the future. Find out whether or not they have all the resources and skills needed to implement all your recommendations. In case they don’t, you can include them in your roles and responsibilities and let them know about any extra costs. Make sure that your client can get a free quote at Digital Search Australia so they know how much or what things they’ll be spending on.On the other hand, if your client has the required skills but in limits such as having a small team or the lack of time, you can always recommend them some changes but with a clear focus on the important ones first.6. Learn When To CompromiseYou should learn when to compromise. Always think of ways where you can push through with your recommendations by modifying certain aspects. You may focus working on a specific project aspect instead of the entire project, or you may think of decreasing your budget. Doing this will show the client that your recommendations are not for your own good but is working t owards achieving the best for their business. And as a result, your client will implement your recommendations without doubts.DO YOU KNOW WHICH HELPS YOU TO GET MORE CLIENTS/CUSTOMERS?[HOW TO] Get More Clients/Customers: Market Or Sharpen Your Skills?Bottom LineSuggesting SEO recommendations to clients is very easy, however, getting them to implement is the biggest hurdle that digital agencies have to face. Don’t forget to provide a quote on upcoming projects by consulting the experts to avoid communication breakdown during the implementation process.

Who Invented Marshmallows

The marshmallow candy originated in ancient Egypt. In its beginning, it started out as a honey candy that was flavored and thickened with Marsh-Mallow plant sap. Herbal Properties of the Marsh-Mallow Plant The Marsh-Mallow plant was harvested from salt marshes and on banks near large bodies of water. According to  the book Viable Herbal Solutions:   Nineteenth century doctors extracted juice from the marsh mallow plants roots and cooked it with egg whites and sugar, then whipped the mixture into a foamy meringue that later hardened, creating a medicinal candy used to soothe childrens sore throats. Eventually, advanced manufacturing processes and improved texturing agents eliminated the need for the gooey root juice altogether. Unfortunately, that eliminated the confections healing properties as a cough suppressant, immune system booster and wound healer. Making Marshmallow Candy Until the mid-1800s, marshmallow candy was made using the sap of the Marsh-Mallow plant. Today, gelatin replaces the sap in the modern recipes. Todays marshmallows are a mixture of corn syrup or sugar, gelatin, gum arabic and flavoring. The candy makers needed to find a new, faster way of making marshmallows. As a result, the starch mogul system was developed in the late 1800s. Rather than making marshmallows by hand, the new system let candy makers create marshmallows in molds made of modified cornstarch, similar to how jelly beans, gummies, and candy corn are made today. At about the same time, mallow root was replaced by gelatin, allowing marshmallows to stay in their stable form. In 1948, Alex Doumak, a marshmallow manufacturer, began experimenting with different methods of marshmallow making. Doumak was looking for ways to speed up production and discovered the extrusion process, which revolutionized marshmallow production. Now, marshmallows can be made by piping the fluffy mixture through long tubes and cutting its tubular shape into equal pieces. The Peeps Marshmellow Candies In 1953, the Just Born candy company bought the Rodda Candy Company. Rodda produced a handmade candy marshmallow chick and Bob Born of Just Born loved the way the marshmallow chick looked. A year later in 1954, Bob Born had a machine made that would mass-produce marshmallow chicks, which he trademarked Peeps. Just Born soon became the largest marshmallow candy manufacturer in the world. In the 1960s, Just Born started manufacturing seasonally-shaped Marshmallow Peeps. In the early 1980s, Just Born released the Marshmallow Peeps Bunny. Until 1995, Marshmallow Peeps were only produced in pink, white and yellow colors. In 1995, lavender colored Peeps were introduced.  And in 1998, blue Peeps were introduced for Easter. In 1999, vanilla flavored Peeps were produced and a year later, a strawberry flavor was added. In 2002, a chocolate Peep was introduced. Today, Just Born  produces more than one billion individual Peeps per year. In a year, more than 700 million Marshmallow Peeps and Bunnies are consumed by men, women, and children throughout the United States. Strange things people like to do with Marshmallow Peeps include eating them stale, microwaving, freezing and roasting them as well as use them as a pizza topping. Marshmallow Peeps and Bunnies come in five colors. Marshmallows have also become a versatile ingredient in other confections. For instance, theyve  been put to use as a marshmallow fudge named for Mamie Eisenhower, which is alternatively called Never-Fail Fudge. Theyre also used in a sandwich fit for a king called the Fluffernutter. According to the book The History of Fluff: In the early 1900s, Archibald Query of Somerville made the first Fluff in his kitchen and sold it door to door. However, Query was not successful due to sugar shortages at the time. He sold the secret Fluff formula to two enterprising confectioners, H. Allen Durkee and Fred L. Mower, for $500. These two renamed their product Toot Sweet Marshmallow Fluff and in 1920 made their first sale of three gallons of Fluff to a vacation lodge in  New Hampshire. The price was a dollar a gallon.

Marilyn Monroe and Mental Illness Essay - 864 Words

Marilyn Monroe and Mental Illness By: Whitworth PSY 410 May 20, 2012 Marilyn Monroe and Mental Illness Marilyn Monroe, her given name Norma Jeane Mortenson, was born on June 1, 1926. The name Norma Jeane Mortenson was baptized as Norma Jeane Baker (Bio True Story, 2012). When Marilyn was born, during the 1920’s, single parenting was not regarded highly. Marilyn’s mother, Gladys Mortenson, named Marilyn after Norma Tallmadge, famous actor during the mid- 1920’s. Marilyn was born with no father figure in which to influence her life. Marilyn’s birth certificate lists Edward Mortenson as the father, of which he was Gladys’ second husband, biographers have since agreed that Norma Jeane’s father was actually Stanley Gifford. Gifford†¦show more content†¦During Norma Jeane’s childhood she was known to have fantasized that she was the daughter of Clark Gabel, she had often told school mates that her father was a famous Hollywood actor (Doll, 1998-2012). It is known that Norma Jeane never did formally meet the man whom she thought was h er biological father, Gifford (Doll, 1998-2012). Doll (1998-2012), When she was a teenager, she tried to speak with him by telephone. She identified herself as Norma Jeane, Gladyss daughter, but the party on the other end of the line simply hung up.† (Para. 7). It is easy to underestimate the significance of the stories surrounding Norma Jeane’s early life, yet it appears that she felt a profound sadness at never having known her father. This alone left an emotional scare. The conflicting stories the fantasies about who her father was, is a mere representation of her attempts to put her early life into presepective, in spite of a dim past (Doll, 1998-2012). Unfortunately these attempts were not enough to for the actress, it is noted that shortly before her death, Norma Jeane filled out an official document, witnessed by her personal secretary, where the father is listed as â€Å"unknown† (Doll, 1998-2012). Family History of Mental Illness Norma Jeane’s mother had a documented history of mental illness. Both of her parents, Otis and Delia Monroe were found to have lived out their later years in mental institutions, Norma Jeane’s uncle, Marion Monroe, was alsoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Journey Into the Mind of Marilyn Monroe844 Words   |  4 PagesWatching Marilyn Monroe as she moves across the large silver screen with her signature sensual grace in the 1961 film The Misfits, it is hard to believe that by this point in her career, she had lost virtually all sway over her impulsivity. Her day to day existence had become a series of endless crises that grew more frantic and destructive. She was in a desperate and losing struggle within herself. In retrospect, the wrenching dilemmas she faced off the set gave her portrayal of Roslyn a surrealRead MoreEssay on Marilyn Monroe and Borderline Personality Disorder1835 Words   |  8 PagesMarilyn Monroe is a well-known legend a nd has been a public figure for several decades. Monroe was a distinguished model, actress, and singer, who quickly became known as a major sex symbol. Monroe starred in a large number of successful motion pictures during the late 1940s and early 1960s. She began her career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946. Throughout her career, Monroes films grossed more than $200 million (Marilyn Monroe Biography, 2013). Marilyn Monroe swiftly became moreRead MoreMarilyn Monroe s Fight Against Mental Disorder1468 Words   |  6 PagesMarilyn Monroe’s Fight Against a Mental Disorder One of the most famous and iconic women in history, known by the name of Marilyn Monroe, lived a life of a star in the views of thousands of fans. 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Statistics show a 60% rise in the number of young girls admitted to hospital with anorexia in England and disturbingly still rising. The mythology encompassing anorexia is a self-inflicted condition brought on by narcissism. Narcissism is a misinterpretation of what is, in reality, a life threatening disease whose cause remainsRead MoreOnly 5% of women in the United States naturally posses the body type portrayed in the media.( )1100 Words   |  5 Pagesthat can be life threatening for them. This could ultimately lead to eating disorders, depression, and or unnecessary cosmetic surgery. The look of women has changed overtime. Marilyn Monroe used to be praised for her curvy figure in the early 1950s. During the 50s women saw beauty in curves and confidence. Since Monroe was like a trending topic in the 50s woman looked to the way she carried her self and she became a role model to some people. Even during that time the thought of what healthy

Buddhism The Four Noble Truths - 859 Words

Originated in India from Siddhartha Gautama, a religion that encompass a variety of beliefs, spiritual practices, and traditions, Buddhism. Some of the spiritual practice of Buddhism have largely based teachings today across the world. The teachings consisted of â€Å"The Eightfold Paths,† â€Å"The Four Noble Truths† and some other breathings or meditations. The religion has taught their followers to shadow their own journey in order to assist them in their own lightning way. Some of the practice teachings include meditation and breathing exercise, and chant. Buddhism is a religion that has been around for centuries. Religion can be greatly influenced by its surroundings and political ramifications. Most religions start with a founder whose life, struggles and personality attract followers. The leader presents broad ranging principles that set rules for a moral and good life; social norms and guidelines for creating a strong, peaceful and healthy society. (OUR social Norms Buddhism article) In early life, Siddhartha Gautama found his way to being the awakening one through an enlighten experience. As a young child, he lost his mother after â€Å"taking his first breaths† into the world. â€Å"Shortly after, a soothsayer had prophesied that he would be great in either politics or religion, therefore his father went to great lengths to shield his son from anything that can corrupt his soul. After, Siddhartha Gautama became older, he went on a quest to see the world and on that journeyShow MoreRelatedThe Four Noble Truths Of Buddhi sm760 Words   |  4 PagesAlyssa Hayes Professor Wayne Knight 2/27/2017 Hum 10 Tuesday Buddhism The four noble truths The Buddhists strongly believed in the four noble truths which are the foundation of Buddhism. The first noble truth, is the truth of suffering or (dukkha). The Pali word â€Å"dukkha† can be described using the term â€Å"temporary†. 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The Four Noble Truths include: Life means suffering, the origin of suffering is attachment, the cessation of suffering is attainable, and the path to the cessation of suffering. Siddhartha discovers that in order to reach enlightenment, one must have experiences and struggle through these Noble Truths firsthand. The first Noble Truth â€Å"Life means suffering† is shown throughout Siddhartha’sRead MoreBuddhism: Happiness and The Four Noble Truths1442 Words   |  6 Pagespermanent. Gautama’s renunciation of an unsatisfying existence is a great model for anyone following the Buddha’s path. Gautama himself tried to find a teacher to help him find peace, however; this proved ineffective (Haught 47). Therefore, followers of Buddhism must find the way to peace themselves. No one can help them in this quest. One has to experience life on their own; following the rules of others will do nothing to bring about one’s own consciousness. 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It could be said that the four noble truths provide the views of the Buddha in the way that life is led and more importantly, should be led. Certainly, the end goal is clearly optimistic, the attainment of spiritual enlightenment, or nirvana. However, the Buddhist viewRead MoreBuddhism, The Noble Eightfold Path And The Four Noble Truths1650 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism was an incredibly intriguing religion to me due to the emphasis placed on the reality that surrounds us, it’s a rational religion based on peace, self-understanding and the ultimate goal of nirvana. Buddhist followers live their life with three main goals; morality, meditation and enlightenment. Ultimately the core teachings of Buddhism are The Noble Eightfold Path and The Four Noble Truths. It is their lives journey to understand, live kindly and find their inner-peace. In a world so full

The Business Case Report â€Free Sample - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the The Business Case Report. Answer: Introduction Business Innovation is a critical organisational process for betterment and improvement that enables introduction of workflows, services or products, new ideas and so on(Hill, 2008). Business innovation allows achievement of goals throughout the entire organisation for achievement of business aims. Innovation is initiated with new idea generation or from a problem that needs to be resolved. Ideas for solving a problem or for purpose of new idea development begins from brainstorming post which business feasibility, desirability and viability for each idea is established. Innovation is a process which renders competitiveness to an organisation by extending their core competency(Chesbrough, 2010). Globalisation has made it compulsory for organisations to innovate and come up with new procedures of doing things. Innovation has been considered a procedure that can help save money as well as time, allowing businesses to adapt to marketplace. Business Organisation Introduction The H.J. Heinz Company is an American Company that processes food with its headquarters in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. It was founded by Henry John Heinz in the year 1869, Bernardo Hees is the current CEO in the organisation(Heinz, Retrieved on 17th September 2017). The Company employs around 32,500 people and sells products globally. The best aspect of competitiveness of Heinz food products is that it has adapted and caters to local tastes around the world. While the Company manufactures over thousands of food products, it manufacturing units are located across six continents. These manufacturing units cater to over 200 countries worldwide with over 150 brand names. The Company earned a revenue of US$ 15.64 billion and its operating income is around US$ 2.02 billion. Company details can further be obtained in its website www.kraftheinzcompany.com Background of the Problem Heinz has been operating globally with their products in dynamic world environment. Success and competitiveness of the Company is rendered by its ability to cope to changes in the environment which distinguishes it from other companies around the world that processes food products(Sosna, 2010). Heinz produces a variety of products from sauces, to spices, condiments, salad dressings, dips, tomato products, syrups and toppings, tomato juices, soups, entrees and various other products. Its world-class brand portfolio consisting of various products is made to enhance culinary creativity along with variety. In every country and at every point the Company has been exploiting on its strong asset base by achieving excellence in brand building. It has been able to establish core competency around its brand by strengthening its brand identity by creating a strong association with cultural integrity. Variety is the mission statement of the Company which inspires its product with large number of taste band. It currently comprises of the fifth largest brand name in the world. At every country its success is owned by its adjustment to taste buds that it does capably. The Company has integrated a continuous effort for innovation within its culture with continuous research skills(Schaltegger, 2012). Its continuous commitment to provide customers with exiting product quality has provided innovative framework within its scope. Innovating with business processes, cultures, products tastes has been a continuous endeavor within the company. Benefits of Innovation There remains several benefits associated with innovation of a Company which is known to drive its growth. Innovation has been seen associated with creation and maintenance of a brand identity. In order to remain competitive at marketplace and extend core competency, it becomes essential to innovate in a continuous process(Amit, 2012). Innovation is also known to attract customer interests and gain more customer focus. However, three primary benefits of innovation is efficiency, productivity, providing a profit center, increasing business agility, enhancing customer satisfaction, complying with legislations and tax benefits, supporting diversity and so on. While benefits of innovations remain unaccountable, they might incur costs and substantial business risks, which needs to be overcome. In order to evaluate potential benefits for innovation, business leaders and managers has to consider the potential inflows generated from a project innovation(Hecht, 2012). Net Present Value (NPV), which encompasses financial calculations of present value for all future cash flows that will be generated from a project, is considered. Post assessing a positive NPV acceptance or rejection for a project is made. Strategic Plan In order to drive any sort of innovative process there needs to be strategic course of action. A strategic plan is a course of action that guides step by step procedure for arriving at goal or defined objective for the innovation(Gambardella, 2010). Like any other business innovation a strategic plan is initiated by identification of opportunities for innovation. Customer gaps in tastes or price is analysed then post brainstorming ideas are generated for filling up the gap. In order to evaluate any gaps existing an analysis of external and internal environment is conducted. While external analysis is done using PESTLE factors as political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental analysis. Internal analysis is done using SWOT analysis of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis. In order for evaluating customer demands, an analysis of demographic, psychographic and geographic factors is done(Comes, 2008). Understanding of customer demands and choices will help designing of the product in a better manner with more opportunity. Then opportunity to fill in such gaps are generated which leads to the second step towards innovation. Solution to meet gaps and identify an affordable product is designed, amongst various solutions a particular one is chosen, which is then refined. Once a procedure or products has been decided upon by Heinz then prior to its mass production, there is internal financial analysis that is made(Serrat, 2017). Internal financial assessment utilizing various practices as Net Present Value (NPV) method, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) method, Payback period needs to be accommodated. A best possible course of action will be selected depending upon needs by the Company. Once an idea is refined and decided upon then it goes towards its implement ation. A finalized solution is implemented by validating its production and distribution on large scale is the final procedure for strategic implementation. Project Option Analysis Business Innovation requires analysing of opportunities and goals prior to its implementation. Prior to final application of any project, there has to be a proper evaluation technique that allows approval for a particular project(Essmann, 2009). Prior to entering any market Heinz Company does an extensive analysis of market prevailing situations and customer demand analysis. Analysing customer taste buds and there product preference is the key factor that drives innovation in the Company. Once a thorough analysis of customers has been undertaken, it does product analysis of various products that are existing in the market, then innovation process starts. With culture at Heinz having a culture of change to develop organisational process, it is readily able to accept ideas. Organisational environment within the Company is more improved that is conducive to any type of change. Every time it employs new customer research techniques, market communication techniques that enable easy and qu icker assessment of the market. All departments throughout the organisation makes contribution towards change processes. Its innovative program has further added to being the catalyst of the culture of change within Heinz. Heinz Fresh ideas folder emphasizes that each individual contributes some ideas for the organisation. Its internal sources are grouped and prioritized with 50 broad zones of interests, which continuously refers to its customers. Subsequently there is an ongoing process that develops further into a full marketing program for implementation of ideas. When Heinz came up with its idea of Barbie Pasta shapes then there was a lot of project evaluation technique. Firstly, feasibility study involved drawing from financial analysis then subsequent efforts to match up to customer expectations was made. Heinz did not limit its Barbie Pasta packaging alone but also made designer packaging with brightly colored holograms that would attract customers. The overall costs benefits arising from the product was immense as it helped create a greater market share for the Company. Human resource department at the Company makes immense contribution to the innovative process, by identification of innovation skills amongst individual and then selecting them for the Company. Recommendation and Conclusion Analysis of all potential reasons for business innovation draws significant parameters for which businesses needs to innovate. As for Heinz, it is a successful food processing company due to its capability to research and bring new products to the market and surprise its customers. It has been capable of continuously evolving in procedures and techniques to innovate and bring changes into their Company such that they can steadily handle the process of innovation. In each and every country it evaluates financial costs for innovation prior to launching or going ahead with any product that it considers feasible. Therefore feasibility study using techniques as Net Present Value (NPV) method, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method, Payback period method, Accounting Rate of Return (ACC) and so on are considered. These financial models allows diagnosis of significant risks for each and every endeavor be it processes or products prior to initiating its development. Thus, business innovation ca n provide several benefits and advantages to a business if undertaken in an appropriate manner. In accordance to Australian Bureau of Statistics, businesses that innovate are considered to be more productive or generate more jobs as considered to non-innovative businesses. Reference Lists Amit, R. . 2012. Creating value through business model innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 41. Chesbrough, H. 2010. Business model innovation: opportunities and barriers. Long range planning, 354-363. Comes, S. . 2008. Business model innovation. From strategy to execution, 65-86. Essmann, H. . 2009. An innovation capability maturity modeldevelopment and initial application. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 435-446. Gambardella, A. . 2010. Business-model innovation: General purpose technologies and their implications for industry structure. Long range planning, 262-271. Hecht, A. D. 2012. Creating the future we want. Sustainability: Science, Practice, Policy. Heinz, K. (Retrieved on 17th September 2017). Company Profile. https://ir.kraftheinzcompany.com/overview.cfm. Hill, C. 2008. International business: Competing in the global market place. Strategic Direction. Schaltegger, S. L.-F. 2012. Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 95-119. Serrat, O. 2017. Business model innovation. In Knowledge Solutions. Springer Singapore, 499-507. Sosna, M. T.-R. 2010. Business model innovation through trial-and-error learning: The Naturhouse case. Long range planning, 383-407.

Symbolism Great Gatsby free essay sample

The Great Gatsby, is about Jay Gatsby and his quest for his own American dream, the love of his life, Daisy. The story is narrated by Nick Carraway, a young man who moves in next door to Gatsby and becomes friends with him. The Great Gatsby has three main themes. These are materialism and wealth, the american dream and appearance and reality. Fitzgerald has used symbolism and theme along with other techniques to enhance these themes along with the readers enjoyment of the novel. One symbol used by Fitzgerald is the green light. Green is the colour of hope, but also the colour of envy, and it first appears when Gatsby stares out across the bay towards a green light at the end of the dock. â€Å"a single green light, minute and far away†. Later the reader finds out that this light stands on Daisy Buchanan’s dock. In the context of the novel this green light represents Gatsby’s hope to meet Daisy again and a chance to win her back. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism Great Gatsby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Gatsby believed in the green light†. I think the green light is an effective symbol and it cleverly represents Gatsby’s longing for Daisy. Another clever symbol used in the Great Gatsby is that of the Valley of Ashes. It is first introduced in chapter two, the valley of ashes represents the moral and social decay that results from the uncontrolled search for wealth, as the rich indulge themselves with thought for nothing but their own pleasure. The valley of ashes also symbolizes the troubles of the poor, who live among the dirty ashes and lose their vitality as a result. I think the Valley of Ashes is another effective use of symbolism and it helps to emphasise the theme of materialism and wealth as it represents the social decay between the rich and the poor. The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are a pair of fading, eyes painted on an old advertising billboard over the Valley of Ashes. â€Å"The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are blue and gigantic -their retinas one yard high†. They may represent God staring down upon and judging American society’s morals, though the novel never makes this point explicitly. They could also be a symbol of the conscience of American society itself. I think that the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg emphasise one of the main themes in the novel which is the decline of the American dream although they could also be said to represent the theme of materialism and wealth. F. Scott Fitzgerald has also used names as a major symbol in The Great Gatsby. The name Daisy is and example of this. A daisy is a tiny flower; it is small and extremely delicate. The colours of a daisy also suggest innocence; the daisy is white and gold, very angelic. Myrtle’s name is also symbolic. A myrtle is a sturdy herb although it is still beautiful it is not delicate like a daisy. These two names reflect the women they have been given too and Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism is very effective in this case. Overall F. Scott Fitzgerald has used symbolism in his novel very effectively. The use of symbolism has helped my appreciation of the novel as it adds layers. The use of symbolism is also allowing Fitzgerald to comment on society through his novels. Symbolism has also helped to emphasise the main themes of the novel.

Final Essays

Final Essays Final Essay Final Essay Essay Topic: Uncle Toms Children Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: : Final Stereotypes can be defined as popular beliefs of specific characteristics in relation to a specific group or type of individual members and usually it has an assumption that the members of the specific group or the individual members have certain similarities, which are common to all. Stereotype is usually based on assumptions, which do not have any facts; therefore, it can be said it does not have any proof. Stereotype can be either a positive or a negative feeling towards a certain specific social group. Prejudice can be defined as a judgment, which is made prior getting any proof, and it is usually baseless and it has a negative feeling/attitude towards a certain specific group or a type of individual members. It is usually an exaggeration of the characteristics of other members of certain social groups in relation to why they are different from the members of our own specific social group. It has a negative feeling and a discriminative behavior that characterizes it, which is not based on emotions towards a certain specific social group. Lastly, discrimination can be defined as the treatment/behavior of attacking other members of a certain group, which is usually unfair. Discrimination is usually based on the different characteristics portrayed by certain members of a specific social group. It is characterized by its prejudice behavior, which is usually negative. Additionally, discrimination usually involves emotions and actions towards other members of another specific social group based on their specific characteristics, which are different from themselves. The three terms, stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination contain some differences, which can be clearly noted. One of the differences is that stereotypes and prejudice do not express emotions as opposed to discrimination where it expresses emotion and actions towards individual members of other specific social groups. Stereotypes and prejudice only expresses their feelings in form of comments, which distinguishes them from other social groups, but discrimination expresses both the feelings and emotions, which are then transferred into actions against other specific individual members of certain specific groups. For instance, in prejudice and stereotypes, they can say, â€Å"the Mexicans are not very clever.† In discrimination, they can attack them directly by avoiding the members of the social group (Mexicans) or vandalizing their property or other things. This can also be seen clearly in the job market where one can be employed based on the three terms. Another difference, which can be clearly seen in the three terms, is that discrimination and prejudice are only negative towards other members of different social groups but stereotypes can be either positive or negative. For example, in prejudice and discrimination we can say that â€Å"the black people are very people† but in stereotype we can ether say that â€Å"the black people are very hardworking† or â€Å"the black folk are very poor.† The positive side is that the black people are hardworking. This shows that the positive attributes of the black people as compared to the others where they have only shown the negative side of the black people, which is they are poor and it is not always right. Lastly, they can be differentiated from each other from the effects, which they have on the other members of the other specific social groups. Discrimination and prejudice can cause a person to have low self-esteem in relation to the comments and actions made against them. These effects can lead to somebody having rigorous changes in behavior so that he/she can be accepted in a certain social group or he can be rebellious and attack back against the comment. In the case of stereotype, the case is not the same since it is not always negative. When it is positive, a person’s self-esteem can be raised and the person can be encourage to do more than his expectations. However, we can conclude that the three work hand in hand with one another. They both affect one another and one form can lead to the happening of the other. For example, when hiring people to lift boxes and heavy equipment in accompany the human resource manager might be stereotype and say, it is not good to hire the men who are not well built. This will lead to the decision of not hiring them, which is being prejudice and finally they will tend to avoid them in the performance of an interview, which is discrimination. Prejudice can influence can influence the social behavior of an individual in different ways. These different social behaviors can be shown in form of an example. For example, in the in the professional job market especially in the marketing division where a accompany wants to higher women to market their products. The human resource manager does not hire those women who are fat because they will not give the company a good image or they will not be able to attract customers. One of the women, who are fat, decides to go back home and start performing several exercises so that she could reduce and become beautiful. It can be concluded that due to the prejudice by the human resource manager by not employing fat women he has affected the social behavior of the women. The woman has started to exercise and yet she did not use to exercise before therefore, her social behavior has been affected A When I am in school, I always tend to avoid joining sports clubs because I might humiliate myself in the different games despite the fact that I might be very good in them. I did not want to enroll in any sporting activity where I would be performing in front of people. On the other hand, I have always been in the forefront in making jokes to those who humiliate themselves. Only when I was sure that I am good in something that was the only time I could join any club. I have concluded that, it is the fear of humiliation that has led me not to join the sporting activities. This fear that I have been having against joining these clubs have led to me not joining this certain clubs and yet I might be very talented in one of them like cheer leading or swimming. Therefore, it has made it difficult for me to tap my other potential talents, which I might be having.

Nonurgent Use of Hospital Emergency Departments Research Paper

Nonurgent Use of Hospital Emergency Departments - Research Paper Example This book is relevant to the current study because of its discussion of the nature and effects of nonurgent use of EDs. It also includes a comprehensive discussion of the potential solutions to the problems caused by this pattern. It suggests the construction of additional safety net hospitals, community clinics, and other sources of care as a solution to the problem of caused by nonurgent use of EDs. This book is an excellent source of strategies and policies for EDs. (2) Hodge, M. (2007). Non-urgent Emergency Department Utilization in Southwestern Virginia among Medicaid Recipients. Ann Arbor, MI: Proquest. Generally, this book is about the current American healthcare system, focusing specifically on the evolution of the EDs’ functions. The author studied the prevalence of nonurgent use of EDs among beneficiaries of Medicaid in Southwestern Virginia. The author used both qualitative and quantitative methods to study the perceptions of both the patients and the hospital staff regarding utilization of EDs for nonurgent problems. The author reported that there is a high prevalence of nonurgent use of EDs in Southwestern Virginia and that there are considerable disparity between the perception of patients and hospital staffs regarding what is ‘urgent’ and what is ‘nonurgent’. ... (3) Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System (2007). Hospital-Based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. The author focuses on the evolution of the function of hospital-based emergency. It attempts to show, through figures and statistics, the number of ED visits for urgent and nonurgent problems. Through secondary-data analysis the author is able to determine that in recent times visits to the EDs for minor injuries rather than serious health problems dramatically increased. The author argued that although EDs keep on performing their usual tasks of giving urgent medical attention, they are forced to provide additional care for patients with nonurgent health problems. The author clearly illustrates that the responsibilities of EDs are continuously expanding. This book is relevant to the current study because it includes a discussion of the problems caused by the increasing pre valence of nonurgent use of EDs such as overcrowding, limited resources, and limited capacity. The author is able to clearly show that if these problems continue the quality of American healthcare will continue to decline. (4) Jones, R. (2004). Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. This book is mainly for general practitioners and primary health providers. The purpose of the author is to provide a conclusive discussion of primary care practice. It involves a discussion of nonurgent use of EDs and the absence of a single definition of the term ‘nonurgent’. The approach used by author is mainly descriptive or exploratory. The author concludes that a significant decrease or total eradication

Urban music and youth gang culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Urban music and youth gang culture - Essay Example Urban music is a prominently used term but the nature of its origin is not clear. Today, it is popularly known as a term used in referring to black music or music of black origin made by artists regardless of nationality or descent. Debates and arguments about the term and its wide scope is an ongoing topic among the music industry, music fans and artists across the countries.Urban music is a genre that is very broad. If you look underneath urban music, there are a number of core elements that include hip-hop, R&B, garage and into that obviously comes soul music. Urban music also includes reggae, rock n roll, blues and jazz but the term is most popularly attached or instantly linked to hip-hop. According to J. Decibel, urban music is a cultural movement among African Americans that began in New York City in the early 1970s but it was in the 1980s that urban music or hip-hop became popular1. In Hip-Hop and Youth Culture, Hip-hop is defined as mostly rhyming, rhythmic spoken word art-f orm known as rapping2. It includes a whole larger culture that involves rap, baggy clothing, break-dancing, graffiti, language and a lifestyle.Urban music or hip-hop in particular has become a common form of communication and enjoyed by young adults and children relatively throughout the world. Unlike in the earlier days, this music genre is no longer limited to plain art of music and dancing. In Hip-Hop and Youth Culture, it was mentioned that urban music has evolved into a multi-billion dollar industry that has greatly manipulated a lot of industries like automotive design, fashion, television programming, collegiate and professional sports, media marketing and advertising3 . Music is essential in youth culture and in that sense urban music's potential to influence is rampant that it has stringed its way into young people's lifestyles particularly because it is a form of recreation that promotes creativity and self expression. Rapping in particular is a way of pronouncing one's pr ide in his/her community that also becomes a form of competition where a rapper can display his skills and support or defend their respective communities. It is unquestionable that adults tend to defer acceptance of this culture in comparison to young adults. Young adults are more inclined in adopting the culture when they are being reprimanded and especially when they know that adults don't understand nor like what they were into. Young black people embrace the culture because they sympathize to the music that is singing their lives. For young people that do not have any connection to the urban community or urban culture, there is still a lot of question as to why hip-hop or urban music fascinates them and this is nothing new especially for middle and upper-middle class young people. One apparent reason could be fascination to what is prohibited. Another could be that hip-hop music is exciting and offers a brutally honest view of life that embodied the prevailing values of society. Hip-hop and rap music started out as an art form to express social awareness and it did gather success in inspiring a certain amount of activism. It did not achieve the attention of the music industry and the music cable television program MTV though until it turned violent and unpredictable. The music industry became interested on the business possibilities that the music genre's hype could bring. Today with the upsurge of the billion dollar industry that this music genre has produced; unsettled prevalent consequences are emerging. One is the youth gang culture that is said to have influences from the "gangsta" life portrayed in violent lyrics and in the lives of some artists themselves. Violent lyrics pertain to offensive language, chauvinism, sexual promiscuity, fear and discrimination of homosexuals, parental and domestic abuse and the "gangsta" pride of refusing authority. As a result, popular culture readily identifies "gangsta" rap, hip-hop and in effect urban music as glorifying violence, rape, murder and drug

The Mycenaean warfare Essay Example for Free

The Mycenaean warfare Essay The Mycenaeans were a people preoccupied with war How conclusively do the various types of archaeological evidence we have for the Mycenaean warfare and defence support this statement? The Mycenaean age began around 1600 BC and came to end around 1100 BC. Although this period was distinguished by its warlike aspects, I would take issue with the statement that the Mycenaeans were preoccupied by war. The first manifestations of the Mycenaean civilisation were found in the Peleponnese, especially in the north-east and the south-west. By around 1400BC the Mycenaean civilisation had penetrated the greater part of mainland Greece and later still the civilisation seems to have expanded far beyond the main body of Greece. Excavations have revealed Mycenaean remains in southern Italy, Egypt, Sicily, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, Cyprus, and sites in Asia Minor. Evidence of Mycenaean settlements has been beyond a doubt found in Rhodes and in Melos. These settlements may have been a general expansion of the Mycenaean civilisation yet large amounts of Mycenaean imports as found at Cyprus indicate to many archaeologists that these may be trade outposts. General expansion would make war necessary rather than a chosen pursuit as the civilisation would have to take new land whilst defending what they already had. Like all of the civilisations of the time the Mycenaean civilisation was agriculturally based, the Linear B tablets list many farmers crops and also the percentage to be given in tax to the king and the percentage to be given to the shrines of the area. The fact that both the palaces and the shrines received a percentage suggests to me that the civilisation was equally concerned with public life as well as war, which the palaces controlled. Much of the crop would be used in the local area; however, the surplus would be exported through the trading points, where a complicated form of bartering was used as payment. It is hard to understand why in a society that had such an organisational system for the listing and trading of goods, particularly agricultural goods, has no record of an organised army if they were preoccupied with war. Although Linear B tablets record lists of men assigned to military and naval duty it seems there was no permanent specially trained force; it is more likely that every man was expected to carry a weapon and use it when called up for military duty. One theory may be that the Mycenaean civilisation might have had a lack of human resources: since the original inhabitants who it has been argued could have been tribes of people who lived in Greece but were not citizens and were never trusted with military service. There are indeed records of many occupations including cabinet makers, perfume makers and even a physician is mentioned in the tablets suggesting wider career options than simply the military. Infrequently and in small numbers Followers are mentioned on the Knossos tablets who could have been the occupants of the warrior tombs found in the vicinity. They probably were specially trained leaders who would organise the recruited armies in times of war rather than the liaison officers they were first thought to be. One tablet has revealed the sectors delegated to each Follower with the concentration of the Followers being in problem areas such as the Bay of Navarino in the southern area of the west coast and the coastal end of the Kiparissia river valley in the north. This indicates small battalions of recruited soldiers led by an experienced officer in areas most likely to be attacked. Due to the general expansion of Mycenaean civilisation and the volatile times in which there were many small kingdoms around the Mycenaean borders, defence was essential in the civilisations survival. Evidence too, can be found in the defensive capabilities of the Mycenaean citadels, which on the whole were built for the possibility of attack and of sieges. All of the citadels commanded wide views: Mycenae having a view across the Plain of Argos to the sea and even Pylos has an extensive view of the coast. These views gave the citadels early warnings of approaching forces and probably the time in which to move the people who lived around the citadel into safety behind the walls, a similar tactic to the shanty towns in Troy. This cannot be proved, however, as the buildings suggest that the usual occupants of the citadels would be the royal family, priests, craftsmen and occasionally guests. Most of the citadels, excluding Pylos, were heavily fortified and built on acropoleis. The walls at Mycenae are between 5. 5m and 7.5 thick using such huge stones that the walls became known as the Cyclopean walls as peasants marvelled that they must have been built by giants. The walls of Tiryns are even more massive than Mycenae but quite different in style: all the outer walls being immensely thick and with chambers built into the south side. There are few entrances for most sites and the entrances that the sites do have are very well protected. At Mycenae both the Lion gate and the Postern gate have defences on three sides (see figure 1, page four) and in particular on the shield-less side of an approaching soldier making attacking the entrances very difficult. The main entrance to Tiryns was up a long ramp under the eastern wall which exposed the attackers all the way on their unshielded sides, this main entrance led to an opening 4. 5m wide with walls 8m thick, there were two gates beyond the first making the entrance almost impenetrable. In the case of a siege fresh water was available in both Mycenae and Tiryns through underground cisterns suggesting that sieges took place quite often at this time and the Mycenaeans wished to prepare themselves for them. Attacks could be launched from a citadel under siege implied by the sally port in Mycenae from which it would be relatively easy for small bands of men to slip in and out without being noticed. All in all the highly defended citadels suggest the Mycenaeans feared being attacked, making the overall culture at the time seem quite warlike and volatile; the Mycenaeans could simply have been fitting into the trend of the area rather than beginning one. Despite this there can be no doubt that the Mycenaeans were warlike in many respects, they are renowned for their fighting ability many scholars believe that they probably conquered Knossos in Crete and ruled there for sometime. The coming of the Mycenaeans certainly brought a dramatic change to the Cretan society, the warrior tombs around Knossos yielded large amounts of weapons and armour. Documents at Knossos also recorded lists of armour and weapons, one document listed fine linen for a tunic and on the second line mentions tunic fittings (epikhitonia) and 1kg of bronze. It has been argued that the bronze could have been a unit of exchange but it is more likely that the document is refering to a reinforced tunic. The same amount of bronze is used, as tunic fittings could have been a cape or overcoat to protect the soldiers upper arms and the shoulders. An even more detailed, incomplete series of documents describes armour in more detail: body armour, a helmet (korus) with four helmet accessories, two cheek pieces, two shoulder pieces, and an unknown number of further accessories. The helmet accessories could have been metal reinforcing plates over a leather or felt base. The accessories (o-pa-wo-ta) were probably plates of metal that were hung on to a tunic to protect the soldier, yet the arrangement of the plates is debatable with many scholars over the world disagreeing with each other. The crude ideogram from Pylos of a head-dress and corslet offers no clue to the arrangement, with there being too few plates for scale armour. We know that they did have leg and lower arm guards such as the Dendra armour, the leg guards were probably linen as shown in late Mycenaean art, but a few bronze ones have been found possibly to be worn over the linen ones. As John Chadwick states the Mycenaean warrior, however well armed, is incomplete without means of locomotion. It is probably the case that the larger part of the army moved on foot; many, we presume, travelled to the battlefield in chariots such as the one depicted in a fresco at Pylos (see figure 2, page five). Chariots can also be read of in many tablets and seen on numerous vase paintings yet due to their impressionistic style or the damage that time has inflicted it is hard to deduce what they actually looked like. The chariots had four-spoked wheels, a fixed axle and were probably very lightweight built out of wood and wickerwork. A fresco at Hagia Triada in Crete points towards there being hide-covered bodies. Two horses probably pulled them, unlike the chariots depicted in the frescoes, as we know from the remains of horses that they were very small breeds. Whether or not the chariots were used actually used in battle, due to the rough terrain and the implications of the Iliad many scholars believe that the chariots were actually used as taxis to the battlefield. Yet it is hard to believe that only soon after the chariot Battle of Kadesh in 1285 BC that no-one was using chariots in battle, the Mycenaeans neighbours, the Hittite certainly used the chariots in battle. One inventory found in armoury of Knossos lists 340 chariot bodies and 1,000 pairs of wheels, this ratio of 3:1 suggests they were intended for more strenuous duties such as fighting. A fresco in Pylos shows two youths attacking a group of men with short swords or daggers, the distinction seems as difficult to understand wen it comes to the tablets as the ideogram could show either a sword or a dagger. The word pa-ka-na could be the Homeric word phasgana but there is evidence that the word may also be a confusion of the original Mycenaean meaning. One of the main reasons for war and expansion may have been the need to secure the Mycenaeans supply of metal brought to Greece through sea-borne trade. Interruptions in the trade routes could have had a detrimental effect on the Mycenaean civilisation; it has been argued that the Greeks may have attacked Troy due to the equally strong civilisations control on the trade routes. The Mycenaeans chief metal was bronze, as they did not have the technological skill to extract and make good iron. Bronze is an alloy made from copper and tin, with the copper coming from Cyprus, the source of the tin is debatable as it could have come from Spain, what is now Czechoslovakia or even Britain. Chadwick argues that the Mycenaeans may have even had small amounts of tin in the land, this I doubt as such a source would surly been mentioned in the tablets. Where ever the metals came from to make the Bronze it was very valuable and the tablets suggest tightly controlled by the palaces who assigned the metal to specific craftsmen and weighed the goods produced. Although bronze was used for making weapons it also had other uses such as to make vessels and perhaps have been used to make various tools. It has been argued that the Mycenaeans had to expand due to the certain lack of these resources, which were used to make most tools and weaponry. The Mycenaeans imported much of these metals probably in return for large amounts of surplus crops. The Mycenaean civilisation came to an end around 1100BC in a series of disasters and fires, one of the first places to be destroyed was Pylos invaded by an unknown adversary. Writing skills disappeared, only to be rediscovered by the Greek hundreds of years later who adapted the Phoenicians techniques. Foreign trade on a large scale also halted and the population became segregated, splitting into small rural settlements rather than the cities they once inhabited. This decay of a once great society took place over an extended time period starting with the destruction of a few cities in 1250BC and has been blamed on Dorian invasions, climate changes or internal struggles. There is no evidence that proves any of these arguments but it is obvious that the volatile times in which the Mycenaeans lived in finally destroyed the civilisation. My main argument against the opinion that the Mycenaeans were preoccupied with war is that they did bring structure into the areas in which they inhabited. Although they were obviously a warlike culture they had strong systems when it came to trade, religion, craft and administration proved most finally by the fact these structures collapsed when the Mycenaean civilisation ended. Bibliography The Mycenaeans by Lord William Taylour The Mycenaean civilisation by John Chadwick http. //www. lfc. edu/academics/greece/BrzMyc. html http://www. portergaud. edu/cmcarver/myce. html.

Democracy and Transportation in America :: Politics Political Research Papers

Democracy and Transportation in America In 1952, Charles E. Wilson resigned as President of GM to become Secretary of Defense. At the confirmation he was asked if he could make a decision in the interest of the nation if it were adverse to GM. "Yes sir, I could," Wilson said. "I cannot conceive of one, because for years I thought what was good for our country was good for General Motors and vice versa. The difference does not exist."1 Yet his GM is accused of undermining the American transportation infrastructure and destroying a viable, superior streetcar network in order to sell more cars. Regardless of the validity of this conspiracy theory, the fact remains that America destroyed vast mass transit networks to make way for private and public automotive transportation. The question of whether the transfer from iron to asphalt was advisable also asks what makes a good transportation network. Both transportation systems are valid, but unique features of American cities and culture made automobiles the better choice. Conspi racies of the powerful in the USA pale compared to the tyranny of the majority. Regardless of economic or social considerations, public demand made the key decisions in building the American transportation network. A transportation network must be judged for its cost-effectiveness. The American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) in 1952 made its tenet, "that a profit should be returned on an investment applies as well to highway projects as to general business ventures."2 Cost-effectiveness includes safety, ease of use, and flexibility in the eyes of both the local government and individual users. Unfortunately, "little or no supporting evidence"3 exists and few studies compared the systems. Since no monetary value can be placed on human life, comparisons of safety are even fewer and less thorough. A simple account of accident records, however, is a good judge of safety. Studies of system costs, ont the other hand, are purely monetary and more frequent. From the operator's standpoint, costs break down to overhead and construction, maintenance of cars and lines, operation costs, and profits. From the users' standpoint the only cost is the fare. Some considerations are particular to the town. Users must determine, first of all, whether it is even possible to go from one point to another. This is especially important for those who are not able to walk long distances. Riders must also decide whether the restrictions of a certain mode - say, timetables for trains, or driving laws - are acceptable.

Informative Speech over Immigration Essay

As an individual who has witnessed family friends of immigrants that came to this country over 20 years ago in hope of a better future. I understand why so many immigrants are willing to cross a border so dangerous and treacherous to reach a country that is called the land of opportunities. What we call The Unites States of America the land of the free. An average of 2,700 illegal immigrants are willing to cross the border each day leaving there families and risking their own life’s to cross to the US. Mostly in the news we tend to hear only the superficial fact but never the real facts or the stories of the capture immigrants. If we would just take time to listen to the real stories of what I called the unforgotten children and women. We could understand the reason why immigrants are willing to take such a difficult decision to cross a border in order to improve their life styles of their families within the economy, escape prosecution of gangs and looking for a better future for the children. The majority of individuals take advantage of the economy while immigrants lack the ability of this advantage. We were given the basic necessities or even more. This country has given us the opportunity to have dreams and make those dreams come true. Many children in other countries are not given the same chance or choices that we have. In the pass year there has been an increase of 50% more immigrants children’s trying to cross the border and the percentage continues to increase each year. Many of these children have a reason to leave their families and take a dangerous journey up north on their own; either with little or no money or even just cloths on their back. While immigrants are crossing the border to have a better economy, some also chose to cross the border to escape gangs. For instance, a 12 year old boy from Honduras not much older than my brother and cousin decided to leave his mom; took with him a grocery plastic bag which contained a set of clean clothes and a picture of his mother. He ventured out on his journey. On the way he was confronted with drugs, alcohol and things that a child that age should not experience. He begged for food and slept in the streets waiting for the next train to come. The train is the fastest way to travel when there is no money to pay a coyote or smuggler but is also the most dangerous. Many have died trying to jump El Diablo; a dangerous train. When asked, â€Å"Why do you want to come to the US?† His response was simple; â€Å"I want to work so I can help my mom and buy her a big house† This is a 12 year old boy’s dream, to work, but if you ask a 12 year old boy living in the U.S. what he wants to do he would most likely response, â€Å"I want to play video games.† Other children are not leaving because they want to but because they have to. They are trying to escape the gangs in their country because if they do not join they can consider them self dead. Parents hire coyotes to bring their children to U.S for a better future but some in the process don’t make it. So children decide to take the chance than joining a gang. These are the children many of people are turning their back on, Children with good moral values. As for the women that try to cross the border they are not just risking their life but also risking being trap into sex slavery. There have been many cases where the same people they pay to cross the border kidnap them and make them sex slaves. We should not go too far here in our country there are many immigrant women trap in sex slavery. The majority come to this country trying to escape from the abuse of their husbands or looking for a better life for the children they have left behind. Many are single mothers that are not able to feed their kids and they look up north for hope. Is this the cost women should have to make in other to have a chance at freedom or a better future? Many immigrants’ women have to sell their bodies to pay the coyotes that cross them over to the U. S. and the ones that refuse we can find their bodies in a ditch unrecognizable. All that is left is a cross with an empty name. The economy in their countries is so bad that many immigrant/individuals are willing to risk their life to give better future to their families. Immigrants are individuals who are trying to improve their life styles for their families within the economy, escape prosecution of gangs, and looking for more in their future. Everyone should have a chance to stay in the United States of America since we are all immigrants. We all travel from all different countries to make the U.S. what is today. Immigrants are not just people trying to take jobs like many say or criminals that the news makes it seem. Each individual has a story to tell. Some are just like you and me or children that are like our little brothers or sisters. Some are women and men like our mothers and fathers that give their life for the best of their children.

Love and Happiness - 782 Words

Collins I Anita Collins Professor: White English 0300 7 pm 29th March 2011 Love and Happiness According to the Webster dictionary love is to share one’s life, and downfalls; not just ones personal property; love is an affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties; a strong feeling of attraction. Being honest about you and allowing the other person involved in the relationship to really get to know who you really are. Happiness is an agreeable feeling or condition of the soul arising from good fortune or propitious happening of any kind; the possession of those circumstances or that state of being which is attended with enjoyment. To love and be loved is the beauty of life; many people yearn†¦show more content†¦Happiness is perspective dependent emotion; it means that what could make someone happy could not be of importance to someone else. Happiness is just like love it is energy and when it’s shared it brings out the best results; try thinking of a moment when you share a joke with a friend the laughter brings out the best that makes you feel good and happy. Although this is what gives a good feeling; a happy person in fact can attract a lot of love because in fact its easily reflected in every activity; otherwise this creates a strong bond between love and happiness; however people will always return your Collins III charming smile, even though they are frowning and looking angry people will scowl at you. There is a common edge that â€Å"life is hard and we have to struggle to be happy; with this in mind I tend to differ to our expectations of struggles and problems. It’s amazing when things are moving so swiftly for us; we subconsciously wait for the storm to come. Life was meant to be easy but pessimism interferes with the flow of happiness in our lives. 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